VETERINÄR- kongressen 2013
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The study of animal behavior has a long history, dating back over 2000 years; however laboratory behavioral research became popular in the twentieth century with the rise of behaviorism, with research using animal models to understand more about the human processes of learning and memory and the comparative abilities of animals (Klopfer, 1993). Interestingly, although B10 mice jumped more against the cage walls than the B6 mice, they did not walk along the cage edge more as a consequence. The jumping, therefore, seemed to be a real stereotypy, i.e. a purposeless, repetitive activity, devoid of intentionality, rather than being merely reflective of a raised level of motor activity. In this article, we refer to an original opinion paper written by Prof. Frank Beach in 1950 (“The Snark was a Boojum”). In his manuscript, Beach explicitly criticised the field of comparative psychology because of the disparity between the original understanding of comparativeness and its practical overly specialised implementation.
Trauma as “boundary object” Footnote 7 At the time of the Washington conference, experimental neuroses had been studied in animal laboratories in the United States and Canada for roughly a decade and neuroses had reportedly been produced in rats, chicks, goats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees, doves, cats, and human children and adults (Cook Reference Cook 1939a; NRC 1937). Bar biting and other abnor- mal behaviors have been described in mice used in laboratory research as a response to premature weaning, thwarted attempts to suckle, or unpleas- ant cage experiences (Callard, Bursten, & Price, 1999; Waiblinger & Konig, 2004; Würbel & Stauffacher, 1997). Locomotion is the main behaviour animals use to avoid aversive stimuli or gain access to resources, thus pacing stereotypies may provide a window into motivation to leave the enclosure. In this article, we refer to an original opinion paper written by Prof. Frank Beach in 1950 (“The Snark was a Boojum”).
The standard experimental design of his laboratory studies was to allow one group of rats to show a coping response, i.e.
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Many stereotypies are signs of frustration, with the subject being chronically thwarted from expressing basic activities such as taking a few free steps in one direction, climbing and perching, retreating to a secluded place, foraging, and interacting with another conspecific (Reinhardt). allowed to obtain a piece of food on a tray by reaching through a slot in its cage. To force the rat to use its non-preferred limb, a light bracelet was placed on the normal limb, thus preventing it from going between the bars.
VETERINÄR- kongressen 2013
Nevertheless, in key respects rodent physiology is distinct from that of humans, and uncritical overreliance on rodent findings risks impeding translational progress towards improving human health. Rodents show a wide range of lifestyles, ranging from burrowing forms such as gophers and mole rats to tree-dwelling squirrels and gliding "flying" squirrels, from aquatic capybaras and muskrats to desert specialists such as kangaroo rats and jerboas, and from solitary organisms such as porcupines to highly social organisms living in extensive colonies, such as prairie dogs (left) and naked The urban animal: population density and social pathology in rodents and humans Edmund Ramsden a. a. School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, England. Correspondence to Edmund Ramsden (e-mail: [email protected]). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2009;87:82-82.
Experimental evidence seems to indicate that environmental factors such as cage size, housing type, stress and boredom which are often cited as the "causes" of stereotype in laboratory animals, do not necessarily cause the behaviour.
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The historic struggle against pathogens of laboratory rodents is often divided into three periods. The first (1880–1950) was when mice and rats became common research animals. rodents, ranging from species identification, identification of damage they cause, biology and ecology, control meth-ods and materials, hazard assessment, and management strategies.
In the UK in 2015, there were 3.33 million procedures on rodents (80% of total procedures that year). The most common species used were mice (3.03 million procedures, or 73% of total) and rats (268,522, or 6.5%). Other rodents species included guinea pigs (21,831 / 0.7%), hamsters (1,500 / 0.04%) and gerbils (278 / 0.01%).
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VETERINÄR- kongressen 2013
Coping behaviour was shown to have a reducing effect on stress. Biotechniek 27, 24-5 and body weight changes) combined with Beynen AC, Baumans V, Herck H van, Stafleu FR detailed pathology provides the best means (1988c) Practical experiences with the assessment of assessing attempts to improve the of discomfort in laboratory rodents in conditions of laboratory animals. Locomotion is the main behaviour animals use to avoid aversive stimuli or gain access to resources, thus pacing stereotypies may provide a window into motivation to leave the enclosure. Bar biting and other abnor- mal behaviors have been described in mice used in laboratory research as a response to premature weaning, thwarted attempts to suckle, or unpleas- ant cage experiences (Callard, Bursten, & Price, 1999; Waiblinger & Konig, 2004; Würbel & Stauffacher, 1997). To see if a more natural cage design would alter the reactivity of laboratory mice, 192 mice were reared in cages with (1) no dividers, (2) five vertical dividers, (3) nine vertical dividers, or 1.1 The Origins of Laboratory Behavioral Research. The study of animal behavior has a long history, dating back over 2000 years; however laboratory behavioral research became popular in the twentieth century with the rise of behaviorism, with research using animal models to understand more about the human processes of learning and memory and the comparative abilities of animals (Klopfer, 1993).